Thank you for the informative interview discussing the various modeling challenges.

Wasn’t there an observed step-change in the Pacific Ocean circulation pattern around 1997 that apparently shifted the frequency and intensity of La Nina over the past 25 years? Could this apparent cycle reverse in the future titling the odds more toward more El Niños?

Doesn’t the MJO and Kelvin wave propagation also play an important role influencing the base state of the Walker circulation?