temperature of water right at the sea's surface—where the ocean is in direct contact with the atmosphere—plays a significant role in weather and short-term climate. Where sea surface temperatures are ...

Webster, P. J. , 1995: The annual cycle and the predictability of the tropical coupled ocean- atmosphere system. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 56, 33-55. Webster, P. J. and S. Yang, 1992: Monsoon and ENSO: Sel ...

reverse. As with ENSO, the growth of these IOD conditions require the cooperation between the atmosphere and ocean (2). By June of 2019, we began to see the development of cooler-than-normal sea surfa ...

of the activity is how human activities have changed the distribution of carbon among Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. Compares the carbon cycle before the Industrial Revol ...

point in time? One likely answer is the delay in the expected onset of La Niña-like ocean- atmosphere coupling in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. What is coupling? To set the stage, cooler than ave ...

from a week to a year of time, a researcher can look for patterns to track changes in the atmosphere's composition and temperature, and what activity on Earth shaped it. The ratio of "light" oxygen-16 ...

existence to a large international climate research program called the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere program , or TOGA, which began in 1985, shortly after the 1982-83 El Niño—one of the three stron ...

funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Efforts center around incorporating dynamical atmosphere-ocean coupled models, advanced statistical and machine learning models, and hybrid approaches t ...

the case near the southern tip of the continent. Heavy rains during the month were also noted in southern India, and near the end of the month TC Remal came up the Bay of Bengal and struck Bangladesh ...

forecast models, which are constructed using long hindcasts to create more reliable outlooks. In calibrating the model output, the goal is to make the forecast estimates closer to the true probabiliti ...